Friday, 29 April 2022
BHAGVAD GEETHA IN MANAGEMENT STUDIES – AN OVER VIEW
Most of the people think that Bhagavad Geetha is a religious book of Hindus. But it is for the welfare of mankind irrespective of the caste, creed, religion, and country. The people in the modern world are currently experiencing a lot of stress, tensions, and worries. They gravitate to age quicker and inviting to various illness and diseases. The teachings of Bhagavad Gita are helpful for positive vision and to lead a peaceful life. It purifies the mind and soul and give relief from distresses to individuals and helps them to realize the inner-self and the Supreme (God). Further, it helps to enhance the values and ethics. Management has become an integral part of daily life whether it may be at home or at workplace of every individual in the universe. Bhagavat Gita strikes social agreement in the Working–Equilibrium through the thoughts and conducts, goals, and success, plans and accomplishment, products, and markets. In simple terms, management is a body of knowledge that enables entities to deal with a multitude of situations involving people, process, and the environment, to ensure work is done efficiently to deliver goods and services useful to the society. Good management must result in greater satisfaction for all stake holders. If we carefully study the Gita, we can infer that the main theme is all about doing work (karma yoga), in the most efficient manner. Management always resolves the crisis or the issues that occurs in form of physical, technical, and behavioral through optimum utilization with the nominal available processes to achieve the set goal. Lack of Management will originate the disorder, turmoil, wastage, suspension, destruction, depression, and stress. Managing and supervising 3M’s (Men, Money, and Material) is the best possible way according to situation and environment is the most essential factor for a successful management. ‘Man’ is the first prior syllable in the management, which speaks the volumes on the role of significance for the management practices. Bhagavad Gita is the key source of various management thoughts. Now, let us try to analyze the relation between Bhagavad Geeta and Management in detail.
Leadership: Leadership, a critical management skill, it is the ability to motivate a group of people towards a common goal. Therefore, it is necessary for a leader to be a visionary and seek the way forward. The essence of leadership is well explained in the Bhagavad Gita – Chapter 7, Verse 11 by lord Krishna to Arjuna “I am the strength of those who are devoid of personal desire and attachment. O Arjuna, I am the legitimate desire in those, who are not opposed to righteousness” It is very important that a leader is the one who believes in self-excellence which is attained by doing his duties rightly first. Bhagavad Gita talks about the meaning of life and its purpose. Its talks about what a human being finally attains self- realization and how karma plays an important role in shaping up our lives.
*Professor (Associate) & HOD of Economics, Retired, KGC (NAAC “A” Grade College) & Ex - Member of Board of Studies Kakatiya University, Warangal, Telangana State – India.
Knowing Yourself: Today, we understand leadership as something that is not only about leading a nation, a corporation, or a big entity, but it is about influencing and guiding others. Leadership is about helping others to find their potential and purpose. According to the Bhagavad Gita, it is not possible to become an effective leader if the leader does not understand his or her own self and does not understand his or her own potential and purpose.
Manage Yourself: Management is a process of aligning people and getting them committed to work for a common goal to the maximum social benefit – in search of excellence. The critical question in all managers’ minds is how to be effective in their job? The answer to this fundamental question is found in the Bhagavad Gita, which repeatedly proclaims that “You must try to manage yourself.” The reason is that unless a manager reaches a level of excellence and effectiveness, he, or she will be merely a face in the crowd. Management in principle teaches us to become better leaders, art of delegation, motivation and communication, work commitment, developing human resource, planning, and executing, way of enhancing knowledge and developing the overall managerial skills.
Renunciation: The 18th Chapter of the Bhagavad Gita culminates about leadership renunciation. The Gita defines renunciation as abstaining from selfish acts and detaching from the results of an action. Krishna mentions specific areas where true renunciation must be practiced, such as:
• Renounce negative thoughts, words, and actions.
• Renounce inequality and promote equality.
• Renounce selfish desires and exercise selfless service.
• Renounce indiscipline, dishonesty, and lazy attitude; and exercise integrity and proactiveness.
• Renounce arrogance and ignorance and be open-minded.
• Renounce momentary happiness that is derived from selfish behaviors. Instead, seek happiness that is long-lasting and beneficial to all.
Motivation: Motivation is the driving force which causes us to achieve goals. Motivation is said to be intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that is driven by an interest or enjoyment in the task itself and exists within the individual rather than relying on any external pressure. Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the individual. Common extrinsic motivations are rewards like money, grades, coercion, and threat of punishment. This situation is explained by the theory of self-transcendence propounded in the Gita. Self-transcendence involves renouncing egoism, putting others before oneself, emphasizing team work, dignity, co-operation, harmony, trust – and indeed potentially sacrificing lower needs for higher goals. The essence of Motivation is well explained in the Bhagavad Gita – Chapter 2, Verse 47 “You certainly have a right to prescribed activities, but never at any time in their results. You should never be motivated by results of the actions, nor there should be any attachment in not doing your prescribed activities.”
Decision Making: A decision is a choice. “The object of studying philosophy is to know one’s own mind, not other people’s. In eighteen chapters, seven hundred verses, the Bhagavad Geeta devotes itself to one task – making one decision. It does so through its protagonist, the warrior Arjun, and the metaphor of war. It does so by enabling Arjun to undertake a voyage of self-discovery so he can master the art of making a complex decision in the face of conflicting values.
What to Select and What not to Select: Krishna said - “Dhumenavriyate Vahnir Yathadarso Malena Ca Yatholbenavrto Garbhas Tatha Tenedam Avrtam.” The meaning of this Shloka, it is like a dissuading curse – as everything pure has a covering that can often be misleading. For example, fire is covered with smoke, which prevents us from nearing it and if a mirror is covered in sheen, we cannot see what it is reflecting before removing the sheen. Similarly, knowledge is covered with desire that we must ignore or get rid of. This isn’t as easy as it looks but wise man is one who knows what to avoid and what to select. Thus, an entrepreneur must be very cautious before starting a business, which type of business he should avoid and what to select.
Battlefield of life: The Setting of Gita is a symbolic of the battlefield of life. Our life having a continuous confusion between positive and negative thoughts, likes and dislikes, good and the bad. One should balance his/her way of life to achieve his desired goals.
Karma: Krishna’s reply to the dejection of Arjuna on the battlefield of Kurukshetra that “This is not the behavior of a great warrior” people and organizations wander to move ahead with different challenges and obstacles. Determined towards action (Karma) not on its fruits. (Nishkama Karma Yoga).
Management of Anger: Lord Krishna said that desire or want for sense of objects comes from attachment towards them (Maya), and anger generates from unfulfilled desires or wants ” The modern psycho-analysis announced that anger is exhibition of suppressed desires. The purpose of our life is our duties and responsibilities, our goals and most essentially, peaceful inner co-existence with fellow individuals.
Work Culture: ‘Bhagavad Gita’ talks about two types of work cultures ‘Daivi Sampat’ and ‘Asuri Sampat’. ‘Daivi’ Work Culture involves less fear, purity, divinity, calmness, holistic environment, absence of fault, lack of greed and lust, ethical, modesty and full of cosmic energy and pride. Whereas in ‘Asuri’ Work Culture contains ego, jealous, misbelief, personal wants, lack of proper performance and lack of job oriented service. ‘Daivi Sampat’ work culture is the best option to become a world class enterprise by tapping the potential within the workplace.
Utilization of Accessible Resources: Before the war of ‘Mahabharata’, Duryodhana choose Lord Krishna’s large army (Krishna Sena) for his help during the war, while Arjuna chosen the Lord of Wisdom (Krishna) for his support. Resources are limited and select wisely and utilize limited resources optimally.
Commitment to work: “Karmanye Vadhikaraste Ma Phaleshu Kadachana, Ma Karmaphalahetur bhurma Te Sangostvakarmani” famous verse (Slokas) of the Bhagavat Gita advises “Detachment. -from the fruits or results of actions or karma performed in the course of duty and also detach yourself from the end rewards and focus on the work”. Being dedicated towards the work has to means as a form of duty towards the society instead of focusing towards self-desire and lust.
Surrender to the Supreme Divine: Lord Krishna asked to warrior Arjuna to surrender himself to the Lord, you should not have any doubts on the existence of the Lord. Look for the higher and friendly picture, put yourself egoistic nature aside. Spirituality inspires social harmony and become aware of ultimate destiny of human life as a result of self-assessment and self-determination towards the present action.
Stability of Mind: Lord Krishna says in the middle of the battlefield, that one should exercise the stability of mind by yoga or meditation. Human Life is like the battle field of ‘Mahabharata’ where the battle have been fought daily within the mind and soul. ‘Chitta Sudhi’ through yoga is the best practice to steady the mind. By the stability of mind one can calm their emotions and can increase his/her ‘Viveka’ or ‘Buddhi’ with ‘Vichikshana’.
Your Expressions Reflects Your Intensions: ‘Bhagavat Gita’ says that “Your intentions towards life should be clear in vision, practical and achievable, which should differentiate you from others”. ‘Power of Intention’ is the main success mantra for achieving any desired goal.
Power of Wisdom and Science: Bhagavad Gita says that “Science can be assumed by our human-senses like mouth, eyes, ears, and other senses. Wisdom will create inner sense of feelings or intuition, it will enhance the power of intentions, which can be transformed into self- analysis, after series of inner exploration if the mind says ‘Yes’ then it becomes intentions. Intentions begins with inner feelings then it transforms into intuitions and then travels as a self- analysis which will be supported by the wisdom and becomes plan of Karma or action, and science becomes the success formula of the action.
Learn to adapt, innovate, and implore new opportunities: “Vasamsi Jirnani Yatha Vihaya Navani Grhnati Naro ’Parani Tatha Sarirani Vihaya Jirnany Anyani Samyati Navani Dehi.” It is easy to say versatility and adaptation are the keys to success. But the biggest lesson for any entrepreneur is learning to adapt to changes quickly. Do not get stuck with your initial vision. Pave your journey like a traveler, who is not attached to the city he visits or the hotel he stays in but enjoys the experience of it all. Do not be adamant; be innovative, open minded and ready to absorb experiences like a sponge. The faster you adapt to a change, the better it is.
Integrated Personality: Integrated personality integrates the various dimensions of the personality into a balanced and integrated whole. It aims at developing the whole or the total human being which gives tremendous satisfaction. All the entrepreneurs must possess integrated personality. Otherwise, they will not be successful in their entrepreneurship.
Finding out one’s own temperament (Swadharma Chapter – 3): Here temperament means, one should introspect his own character especially regarding his demerits and rectify himself, otherwise it affects his personality. Here, Swadharma refers to his duties towards his profession. Above this, one must not forget “Social Responsibility”. For example, Corporate Companies must not forget their duty towards the society.
No Greediness: "Tasmad Asaktah Satatam Karyam Karma Samacara Asakto Hy Acaran Karma Param Apnoti Purushah." Inculcate the habit of being open to everything and being attached to nothing. Attachment does give strength to work and love beyond ourselves, but it also limits us and makes our journey and growth difficult, especially if the object of our desire is taken away from us. Too much desire can be bad, as it turns into greed. Greed takes you away from your true calling and dream, be it to achieve, create or innovate. Do not be super attached to your work, because stress makes your journey as an entrepreneur difficult. You have to keep an open mind about the ever-evolving market changes, adapt to them. Keep a close eye on your goals but do not get obsessive. Don’t Be Over Ambitious - “Bhagavad Gita is not against having desires, but stresses that one MUST have control over desires and have limits, that is, one must not be greedy”. An entrepreneur should have reasonable targets for his business but should not be unrealistic. Otherwise, if desires are not fulfilled they leads to worries and worries in turn leads to lack of peace and anger. The result of anger is losing mental balance and down falling will start and the consequence is “Self-Ruin”.
Truth Always Prevail: Lord Krishna gave message that “Truth can never be destroyed, so one should not be afraid of telling truth and doing good. A business man must always tell truths about his product and genuine price and thus create confidence to gain a greater number of consumers to his products.
Specific Disciplines: In the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna defines three specific disciplines that are required for effective leadership: discipline of learning, discipline of speaking properly and discipline of equanimity. All of these disciplines are important for effective leadership. Today’s leadership authorities also agree that effective leaders have to be effective learners. Leadership is not only about teaching people to follow a certain path or to do a certain thing, but it is also about learning things to be taught. In the business world, we know leaders like Jack Welch, Andy Groves, and John Chambers as great communicators. When these leaders communicated to their followers, they were always consistent on the vision and goals they presented to their organizations.
Communication Skills: Without effective communication skills, leadership cannot become effective. Lord Krishna says the most important part of communication is to communicate with honesty and with respect toward others. For leaders to be effective, they must be able to motivate their followers when they speak, so they can guide them toward the common vision and goals.
Sthitapragnya: Lord Krishna explained about “Sthitapragnya” in Bhagavad Geetha. It means one should not become emotional or over joyous when one achieves victories and become very nervous when failures occur. This means, one should maintain balance between success and failure. This is cent percent true in case of entrepreneurs. If any entrepreneur get success he should not be over joyed and careless, and if losses, he should not become nervous and must not lose courage. He must find out the loopholes in his business and plug them and try again for success.
Dharmo Rakshithi Rakshitha: Meaning of this quotation is, if you protect dharma, it will protect you. Lord Krishna said, if you are in right path, I will always support you. Business men may get profits within a short period by cheating (unfair methods of business), but they will not sustain for long period.
Self Confidence (Shraddhamayoyampurushah-Yoyatshraddhahsaevasaha (Chapter -17): One should have faith in reality and accept it, which is a great source of strength. A man is what his faith is, as the faith so will be our desires and thoughts and action. In any business, if there is no self-confidence, no business will be successful.
Sattvic: The Gita defines sattvic as the character of harmony and purity. Sattvic character radiates peace and happiness. It offers selfless service and has a high level of emotional intelligence. Without a high level of emotional intelligence, the Gita suggests that we cannot attain a true meditative state. Today’s leadership authorities also suggest that effective leadership flourishes only when leaders have a high level of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence, abbreviated as EQ, is a discipline of understanding ourselves, especially the emotions that brew in our mind. EQ is the awareness and ability to manage our emotions in a healthy manner.
Meditation (Yoga), Prayer, Moderation in Food, Sleep, Speech, Exercise, Recreation and Elimination of Stress (Yuktaaharviharasya Chapter -6 of Bhagavad Gita): Timely food, timely sleep, avoiding unnecessary talk, regular exercise and recreation is very essential for leading a good life. Daily prayer and meditation will bring peace and happiness. This is very important for everyone including all the businessmen.
The following is the brief summary from 18 Chapters of Bhagavad Geetha which are very helpful to everybody including the entrepreneurs for their successful business (in daily life).
• Chapter 1: Vishada Yoga (Lamenting on the result of War).
Lesson: Wrong thinking is the only problem in life.
• Chapter 2: Sankhya Yoga (How to eliminate lamentation and misery)
Lesson: Right knowledge is the ultimate solution to all our problem.
• Chapter 3: Karma Yoga (Each and every person has his/her own prescribed duties, which he/she has to perform at any cost).
Lesson: Performing once duties with selflessness is the only way to achieve progress and prosperity.
• Chapter 4: Jnana Yoga (Approaching the Ultimate Truth).
Lesson: Every act can be an act of prayer.
• Chapter 5: Karma Vairagya Yoga (Detachment and Renunciation).
Lesson: Renounce the ego of individuality and the bliss of infinity.
• Chapter 6: Abhyasa Yoga (Self-Realization).
Lesson: Connect to higher consciousness daily.
• Chapter 7: Paramahamsa Vijnana Yoga (Knowledge of the Ultimate Truth).
Lesson: Live what you learn.
• Chapter 8: Akshara-Parabrahman Yoga (Attainment of Salvation)
Lesson: Never Give-up on yourself.
• Chapter 9: Raja-Vidya-Guhya Yoga (Most Confidential Knowledge of the Ultimate Truth). Lesson: Value your Blessings.
• Chapter 10: Vibhuti-Vistara-Yoga (The Infinite Glories of the Ultimate Truth).
Lesson: See the divine all around.
• Chapter 11: Vishwaroopa-Darshana Yoga (The Vision of the ultimate Universal Form). Lesson: Have enough surrender to see the truth as it is.
• Chapter 12: Bhakti Yoga (The path of devotion).
Lesson: Absorb your mind and heart to supreme divine.
• Chapter 13: Kshetra-Kshetrajna Vibhaga Yoga (The Individual and Ultimate).
Lesson: Detach from materialistic assets and attach to divine.
• Chapter 14: Gunatraya-Vibhaga Yoga (To give away oneself from ignorance and passion and adopt the path of pure goodness until acquiring the ability to transcend them).
Lesson: Live a life style that matches your vision.
• Chapter 15: Purushottama Yoga (Realization of the Ultimate Truth).
Lesson: Give priority to divine.
• Chapter 16: Daivasura-Sampad-Vibhaga Yoga (The Definitions of Divine and the Demoniac Natured).
Lesson: Being good is a reward in itself.
• Chapter 17: Shraddhatraya-Vibhaga Yoga (The Three Divisions of Material Existence). Lesson: Choosing the right over the pleasant is a sign of power.
• Chapter 18: Moksha-Upadesha Yoga (Final Revelations of the Ultimate Truth).
Lesson: Let’s go, let’s move to union with divine.
To conclude, Bhagavat Gita teaches the ideal philosophy of ‘Karma Yoga’, a base for human action or karma. Each individual in the universe has his own potential of infinity. It is a matter of demonstration of that divine potential that everyone has in the inner- consciousness. It is the responsibility of all human beings on the earth to realize it and strive for the ultimate excellence in their own profession to meet socially desired targeted goals. It is also the responsibility of the organizations to focus on the up- gradation of their employees through effective training and development. Government needs to put attention on the allocation of the reasonable amount for the human resource development by promoting quality education to all the citizens of the nation, which will in turn enhance the competitiveness of the individuals and would create a source of resourceful human capital within the country, which can successfully compete globally.
References:
1. “Essence of Bhagavad Gita in Management Studies”- ISME.
2. “Uncovering the leadership lessons of the Bhagavad Gita” – A Chief Executive Group Community.
3. “Bhagavad Geetha – A Way of Life – Dr. S. Vijay Kumar – Research Gate.
4. “Management Lessons from Bhagavad Gita – B. Mahadevan – The Vedanta Kesari – 558-December, 2008.
5. “Bhagavad Gita: The Key Source of Modern Management” - Subhadeep Mukherjee - Asian J. Management; 8(1): January – March, 2017.
Monday, 25 April 2022
Saturday, 23 April 2022
MY FELICITATION PICTURES LINK
https://vijaysinnovations.blogspot.com/2022/04/my-felicitation-pictures.html
MY FELICITATION PICTURES
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| My Felicitation at Ramanamma Engineering College (Guinness Book World Record College), S.V. University, Thirupathy, (AP). |
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| My Felicitation at Vaag Devi PG College, Hanamkonda (Telangana State) |
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| My felicitation In the National Conference at MGMV, Rani Durgavathi University, Jabalpur (MP). |
Friday, 22 April 2022
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN INDIA IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION
(This article was presented in the National Seminar on " Women Entrepreneurship: Emerging Issues, Challenges & Strategies" on 7th & 8th July, 2011 at Chadalawada Ramanna Engineering College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. This article is published in the book "Women Entrepreneurship Emerging Issues, Challenges & Strategies". Published by Serials Publications, New Delhi.)
-Dr. S. Vijay Kumar
In ancient India India India
Our first Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru has rightly pointed out that ”To awake the people it is the women who should be awakened first. Once she is on the move the family moves …the nation moves”. There is a need for changing the mindset towards women so as to give equal rights as enshrined in the constitution. The progress towards gender equality is slow and is partly due to the failure to attach money to policy commitments. In the words of president APJ Abdul Kalam "empowering women is a prerequisite for creating a good nation, when women are empowered, society with stability is assured. Empowerment of women is essential as their thoughts and their value systems lead to the development of a good family, good society and ultimately a good nation." When a woman is empowered it does not mean that another individual becomes powerless or is having less power. On the contrary, if a women is empowered her competencies towards decision- making will surely influence her family's behavior.
The 1980s and 1990s are frequently referred to as the era of globalization. The Indian economy has been witnessing a drastic change since mid -1991, with new policies of economic liberalization, globalization and privatization initiated by the Indian government. India
Evidence has unequivocally established that entrepreneurial spirit is not a male prerogative. Women entrepreneurship has gained momentum in the last three decades with the increase in the number of women enterprises and their substantive contribution to economic growth. The industrial performance of Asia-Pacific region propelled by Foreign Direct Investment, technological innovations and manufactured exports has brought a wide range of economic and social opportunities to women entrepreneurs.
In this dynamic world, women entrepreneurs are an important part of the global quest for sustained economic development and social progress. In India India
The Sixth Five Year Plan, for example, proposed for promoting female employment in women-owned industries. The Government moved a step forward in the Seventh Five Year Plan by including a special chapter on Integration of Women in Development. The chapter suggested:
* To treat women as specific target groups in all development programmes and involve them in decision making process.
* To devise and diversify vocational training facilities for women to suit their varied needs and skills.
* To promote appropriate technologies to improve their efficiency and productivity.
* To provide assistance for marketing their products.
During the ninth five year plan, the government has introduced in 1998 an important scheme on Trade Related Entrepreneurship of Assistance and Development (TREAD) aiming at economic empowerment of women in rural, urban and semi-urban areas. It develops their entrepreneurial skill and eliminates the constraints faced by women entrepreneurs.
The TREAD programme was operated through Small Industries Development Bank of India
Global Scenario:
Research about human capital factors in women’s entrepreneurship is more than 35 years old. (Greene Amy, 2009)The growing economic power and influence of women-owned businesses are changing the shape of the global economy,´ remarked Sakiko Fukuda- Parr, Director of the UNDP. The global impact of women entrepreneurs is just beginning to gain intensity. Women produce more than 80 percent of the food for Sub-Saharan Africa, 50-60 percentfor Asia, 26 percent for the Caribbean, 34 percent for North Africa and the Middle East, and more than 30percent for Latin America .
First Woman Entrepreneur in the World
Rita Singh, founder of the M'escos (Mid-east Shipping Company) group, is one of the first woman entrepreneurs in the business world. Starting from scratch about 30 years ago, she now exports trendy M'escos shoes, owns a fleet of state-of-the-art- helicopters and ships, and Rs.450 crore steel plant. The M'escos group with an annual turnover of over Rs.1500 crore, employs more than 7,000 people.
Women entrepreneurs are significantly affecting the global economy. Women in advanced market economies own more than 25% of all businesses. In India
In Russia
In Germany
In France
In Swaziland
In UK , it is estimated that between 34.1% - 41.2% of the UK
In Hungary
In USA
In Japan
In China
Growth of Women entrepreneurs in India
Increase in cost of living has prompted the Indian women to undertake economic activities in order to support their families. They are coming forward to take risks, face challenges and prove to the world that their role in the society is no more limited to that of buyers but they can be also successful sellers.
There are thousands of good examples where women have shown entrepreneurial talents and have succeeded. Women entrepreneurs are the key players in any developing country in terms of their contribution to economic development. Now, it is imperative to know who is an women entrepreneur.
Women Entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who initiate, organize and operate a business enterprise. Government of India India
Almost half of India
Indian women started their entrepreneurial work in 1970s. Their entrepreneurship is traced out as an extension of kitchen activities mainly pickles, powder and pappad. Women are encouraged to start an occupation or venture with an urge to do something independently started to tide over their economic difficulties and responsibilities.
In the seventies, Government of India
During 1980s, government and non-government bodies have paid increasing attention to women entrepreneurs through formulation of various policies and programmes and introduction of new schemes and incentives. It adopted a multi-disciplinary approach for development of women entrepreneurs. Women entrepreneurs were given top priority for implementation of programmes under agricultural and its allied activities of diary farming, poultry, animal husbandary, handlooms, handicrafts and small scale industries, etc.With growing awareness about business and due to growth of educational level, in professional education, industrialisation, urbanisation and democratic values awareness, the tradition bound Indian society has undergone a change and women entrepreneurs have shifted their entrepreneurial activities to engineering, electronics and energy. They made personal choices, stood up for their convictions and had the courage and strength to enter into new ventures. As a result of these efforts, number of women entrepreneurs has increased over the years.
In the 1990s, out of the total women population of 437.10 millions, there are 126.48 million women workforce of which only 1,85,900 women accounting for self employed in the country. This indicates a dismally low level of women participation in the entrepreneurial activities. Further women entrepreneurs in India India
In the context of the opening up of the economy and the need for upgradation of technology, the Consortium of Women Entrepreneurs of India (CWEI) is a common platform to help the very women entrepreneurs in finding innovative techniques of production and marketing and finance.Prime-Minister Rozgar Yojna (PMRY), National Rural Employment Programme and (NREP), Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP), Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guaranty Act (MGNREGA) are some of the important schemes floated by the Government which encourage women to enter into work entrepreneurial activities.
Push-Pull factors and women entrepreneurship:
An independent occupation, a sense towards independent decision-making on their life and career are the motivational factors behind this urge. Saddled with household chores and domestic responsibilities women want to get independence. Under the influence of these factors the women entrepreneurs choose a profession as a challenge and as an urge to do some thing new. Such situation is described as pull factors. While in push factors women engaged in business activities due to family compulsion and the responsibility is thrust upon them.
Qualities of women entrepreneurs:
Creative: It refers to the creative approach or innovative ideas with competitive market. Well planned approach is needed to examine the existing situation and to identify the entrepreneurial opportunities. It further implies that women entrepreneur's have alliance with clued-up people and constricting the right organization offering support and service.
Hard working nature: Innovative women have further ability to work hard. The creative ideas have to come to a fair play. Hard work is required to build up an enterprise.
Determination: Women entrepreneurs must have an intention to fulfill their dreams. They have to make a dream transferred into an idea enterprise
Ability and desire to take risk: the desire refers to the willingness to take risk and ability to the proficiency in planning making forecast estimates and calculations.
Profit earning capacity: she has a capability to get maximum return out of invested capital.
Categories of Women Entrepreneurs in India:
• First Category
– Established in big cities
– Having higher level technical & professional qualifications
– Non traditional Items
– Sound financial positions• Second Category
– Established in cities and towns
– Having sufficient education
– Both traditional and non traditional items
РUndertaking women services-kindergarten, cr̬ches, beauty parlors, health clinic etc
• Third Category
– Illiterate women
– Financially week
– Involved in family business such as Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Dairy, Fisheries, Agro Forestry, Handloom, Power loom etc.
Supportive Measures for Women's Economic Activities and Entrepreneurship
Direct & Indirect Financial Support• Nationalized banks
• State finance corporation
• State industrial development corporation
• District industries centers
• Differential rate schemes
• Mahila Udyug Needhi scheme
• Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI)
• State Small Industrial Development Corporations (SSIDCs) Yojna Schemes and Programme
• Nehru Rojgar Yojna
• Jacamar Rojgar Yojna
• TRYSEM
• DWACRA Technological Training and Awards
• Stree Shakti Package by SBI
• Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India
• Trade Related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development (TREAD)
• National Institute of Small Business Extension Training (NSIBET)
• Women's University of MumbaiFederations and Associations• National Alliance of Young Entrepreneurs (NAYE)
• India Council of Women Entrepreneurs, New Delhi
• Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA)
• Association of Women Entrepreneurs of Karnataka (AWEK)
• World Association of Women Entrepreneurs (WAWE)
• Associated Country Women of the World (ACWW)Some of the Successful Leading Business Women in India are:
• Mahila Grih Udyog – 7 ladies started in 1959: Lizzat Pappad
• Lakme – Simon Tata
• Shipping corporation – Mrs. Sumati Morarji
• Exports – Ms. Nina Mehrotra
• Herbal Heritage – Ms. Shahnaz Hussain
• Balaji films - Ekta Kapoor
• Kiran Mazumdar - Bio-technology
Women Entrepreneurship in India
States | No of Units | No. of Women | Percentage |
Tamil Nadu | 9618 | 2930 | 30.36 |
Uttar Pradesh | 7980 | 3180 | 39.84 |
Kerala | 5487 | 2135 | 38.91 |
| 4791 | 1618 | 33.77 |
Maharastra | 4339 | 1394 | 32.12 |
Gujrat | 3872 | 1538 | 39.72 |
Karnatka | 3822 | 1026 | 26.84 |
Madhya Pradesh | 2967 | 842 | 28.38 |
Other States & UTS | 14576 | 4185 | 28.71 |
Total | 57,452 | 18,848 | 32.82 |
Women Work Participation:
Country | Percentage |
| 14.2 |
| 19.7 |
| 22.3 |
| 31.6 (latest |
| 45 |
| 43 |
| 40 |
| 35 |
| 35 |
Problems of Women Entrepreneurs in India
Arrangement of Finance::
For every business undertaking Finance is said to be the “life blood”, whether it is large, medium or small enterprise. Women entrepreneurs face the problems of shortage of finance on two important bases. Firstly, women do not in general have property on their own names to use that as collateral securities for obtaining loans/funds from banks and other financial institutions. Thus their access to external sources is very limited Secondly, obtaining the support of bankers, managing the working capital, lack of credit resources are the problems which still remain in the male’s domain.
Shortage of raw-materials:
Women entrepreneurs encounter the problems of shortage of raw-materials and necessary inputs. On the pinnacle of this, is the high prices of raw materials, on one hand and getting raw materials at minimum discount rates are the other.
Cut-throat Competition:
Lot of the women entrepreneurs have imperfect organizational set up to drive in a lot of money for canvassing and advertisements. They have to face severe competition from organized industries. They have also to face a stiff competition with the men entrepreneurs who easily involve in the promotion and development area and carry out easy marketing of their products with both the organized sector and their male counterparts. Such a competition ultimately results in the insolvency of women entrepreneurs.
Lack of education and illiteracy amongst women:
In India
Family Conflicts:-Women also countenance the conflict of performing of home role as they are not available to spend enough time with their families. Because in India
Marketing Problems:
Women entrepreneurs incessantly face the problems in marketing their products. It is one of the core problems as this area is mainly dominated by males and even women with adequate experience fail to make a dent. For marketing the products women entrepreneurs have to be at the mercy of middlemen who pocket the hunk of profit. Although the middlemen exploit the women entrepreneurs, the purging of middlemen is tricky, because it involves a lot of running about. Women entrepreneurs also find it difficult to capture the market and make their products popular.
Lack of self-confidence and optimistic attitude amongst women:
Nowadays most of the women are suffering from one major problem of lack of self-confidence, determination, physically powerful outlook, hopefulness etc. They are always panic from committing mistakes while doing their piece of work, more over there is limited initiative of taking risk and bearing uncertainty in them. Thus all these psychological factors often obstruct their path of achieving success in the area of enterprise.
High cost of production:
High cost of production undermines the efficiency and adversely affects the development of women entrepreneurs. The installation of new machinery during expansion of the productive capacity and like similar factor dissuades the women entrepreneur from venturing in to new area. Government assistance in the form of grant and subsidies to some extent enables them to tide over the difficult situations. However, in the long run, it would be necessary to increase efficiency and expand productive capacity and thereby reduce cost to make their ultimate survival possible, other than these, women entrepreneurs also face the problems of labour, human resources, infrastructure, legal formalities, overload of work, lack of family support, mistrust etc.
Future Prospects for Development of Women Entrepreneurs:
· Education is a boon to mankind, while lack of education to a person is a bane now-a-days. Throughout the world, we can observe that the ratio of women entrepreneurs is growing tremendously. The emergence as well as development of women entrepreneurs is quite visible in India
· The industrial structure and the enterprises are undergoing a radical change. Information Technology has transformed the very technique of doing business. Individually, business ownership provides women with the independence they crave and with economic and social success they need. Nationally, business ownership has great importance for future economic prosperity. Globally, women are enhancing, directing, and changing the face of how business is done today. Ultimately, female business owners must be recognized for who they are, what they do, and how significantly they impact the world’s global economy.
· Women should be considered as specific target group for all development programmes. Govt. should extend better educational facilities and schemes to women folk. Adequate training programs on management skills should be provided to women community. Encourage women’s participation in decision making. Vocational training should be extended to women community to enable them to understand the production process and management.
· Training on professional competence and leadership skills should be extended to women entrepreneurs. Activities in which women are trained should focus on their marketability and profitability. State Finance Corporations and financing institutions should permit by statute to extend purely trade related finance to women entrepreneurs. And lastly women’s development corporation has to gain access to open-ended financing.
Suggestions:
Clandestine of Success "Attribute my success to one thing – never run away from life. Face it boldly. Dare to be different".
· Promoting entrepreneurship among women is especially important to tackle the problems of under employment and unemployment in the society.
· Education has been instrumental in increasing the participation of women in entrepreneurial activities. The formal education not only helps in acquisition of requires knowledge for a job, which demands non-traditional skills but also imparts knowledge about the different occupational opportunities. Good academic background makes women confident in dealing with problems in business in an effective manner. Although it is a fact that entrepreneurship is not a special preserve for the educated but in the case of women already burdened with many social pressures, education is a powerful tool in breaking down the barriers to successful entrepreneurship. Thus education is a liberating force and barriers of caste and class, smoothing out inequalities imposed by birth and other circumstances.
· There should be an incessant attempt to motivate, give confidence, inspire and assist women entrepreneurs.
· Government should provide better educational facilities and schemes to women folk.
· There should be continuous monitoring, improvement of training programmers, practical experience and personality development programmes to improvise their over-all personality standards.
· Establishment of proper training institutes for enhancing their level of work-knowledge, skills, risk-taking abilities, enhancing their capabilities. Training Centers should provide training to prospective women entrepreneurs free of cost and Entrepreneurship Successful Leading Business Women in India
· A women entrepreneur should herself set up an example by being successful and should act as a role model. Since children have a tendency to emulate their parents, the resultant effect would be automatic.
· Establishment of proper training institutes for enhancing their level of work-knowledge, skills, risk-taking abilities, enhancing their capabilities.
· Finance is sine-qua-non for any enterprise. The banking system is not sufficiently responsive to social banking needs and has not been able to deal with barriers that hinder women from using or gaining access to credit. Adequate arrangements must be made for the supply of credit facility at concession rate for the women entrepreneurs in view of their growing needs.
· Creating provision of micro credit system and enterprise credit system to the women entrepreneurs at local level with low rate of interest.
· Provision should be made to provide land / sheds to deserving women entrepreneurs on priority basis. Group Women Entrepreneurship (GWE) may be promoted in rural sector by reinvigorating activities / skills on traditional crafts or practices with which they are acquainted.
· A Women Entrepreneur's Guidance Cell should be set up to handle the various problems of women entrepreneurs all over the state.
· Positive attitudinal change in the society recognizing the role of women as entrepreneur may lead to the development of appropriate environment in which women will be able to exploit their entrepreneurial talents
· Offering seed capital, up-liftment schemes, women entrepreneurs fund etc. to encourage them economically.
· To extend confessional rates facilities and schemes for women entrepreneurs to prosper in the field of enterprise. acquainted.
· Women entrepreneurs should be provided marketing facilities and subsidy for raw materials.
Thus by adopting the above said suggestions in letter and spirit the problems associated with women can be solved.
Conclusion:
Women have the potential and the determination to set up, uphold and supervise their own enterprises in a very systematic manner. Appropriate support and encouragement from the Society in general and family members in particular is required to help them scale new heights in their business ventures. The right kind of assistance from family, society and Government can make these Women Entrepreneurs a part of the mainstream of national economy and they can contribute to the economic progress of India
References:
Dhameja S K (2002) , Women Entrepreneurs : Oppertunities, performance, problems, Deep publications (p) LtD, New Delhi
Dynamics of entrepreneurial development and management – By Vasant Desai. Himalaya Publishing House.
Entrepreneurship Development –By S.S Khanka. S. Chand & Company Limited. (Ram Nagar, New Delhi-110055). Indian Entrepreneurship
Rajendran N (2003) , "Problems and prospects of women Entrepreneurs" SEDME, Vol. 30 no.4 Dec.
Rao Padala Shanmukha (2007) "Entrepreneurship Development among Women: A case study of self-help Groups in Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh" The Icfai Journal of EntrepreneurshipDevelopment Vol.1V No. 1
Sharma Sheetal (2006) “Educated Women, powered, women" Yojana Vol.50, No.12
Women Entrepreneurship and Economic Development – By Sanjay Tiwari, Anshuja Tiwari. Publisher: Sarup and Sons
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